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Source: https://www.inss.org.il/publication/gaza-tunnels/
The Strategic Implications of Gaza's Underground Challenge
(Institute for National Security Studies-Tel Aviv University) Prof. Azar Gat - The unique conditions of Gaza for creating Hamas's tunnel network are well known: its soft sandstone allows for relatively easy subterranean digging, in contrast to the hard limestone terrain in Lebanon and the West Bank. The prolonged campaign in Gaza stems decisively from the challenge of the underground domain. Beyond the issue of the hostages, which significantly restricts IDF operations, the vast underground space in Gaza enables Hamas to shelter, hide, and disappear. The IDF is left with little choice but to advance slowly and methodically as the default course of action. The underground will remain the most consequential factor shaping the limitations of warfare in Gaza and sustaining Hamas's control of the area. Anyone who hopes for a fundamental change in the Gazan reality must take this into account. The writer is head of the International and Executive MA Programs in Security and Diplomacy at Tel Aviv University.